Cult Insider

EDITION 024 | OCTOBER 2024

 

A Guide to Understanding Alcohol Content in Wine

Written by - Cult Wines team

Each bottle of wine, whether red, white, still, or sparkling, is crafted through a unique process. While all wines contain alcohol, this generalisation overlooks the complexity and nuances that collectors and investors often seek. This guide explores the role of alcohol in wine, including its production, measurement, and impact on the wine's characteristics, with a focus on investment-grade wines and regions.


The Origin of Alcohol in Wine

Alcohol is what distinguishes wine from grape juice, and it is created during the winemaking process. As grapes mature, they undergo a phase called veraison, during which they accumulate sugar and lose acidity. The timing of grape harvesting is crucial as it determines the wine's final profile. This decision can be influenced by climate and weather conditions, which are particularly important in regions known for high-quality, investment-grade wines.

Once harvested, the grapes undergo fermentation, during which yeast converts the sugars into ethanol. The sugar content at harvest directly correlates with the resulting wine's alcohol level. For instance, grapes from Bordeaux’s Left Bank or the Rhône Valley often have high sugar levels due to favourable growing conditions, resulting in wines with higher alcohol content.


Measuring Alcohol Content in Wine

The alcohol content in wine is expressed as a percentage known as 'ABV' (alcohol by volume). This standard measure indicates the amount of ethanol per one hundred millilitres of wine, providing a clear indication of the wine's potency and potential mouthfeel.


Variations in Wine Alcohol Content

Alcohol levels in wine can vary significantly, ranging from 5.5% to 23% ABV. Wines at the higher end of this spectrum are often fortified, such as Port from the Douro Valley or Vin Doux Naturel from Roussillon, where additional alcohol is added, resulting in a richer, sweeter product.

The alcohol content is influenced by the climate of the vineyard and the grape variety. Cooler climates, such as Burgundy or the Mosel in Germany, produce grapes with lower sugar levels, resulting in wines with lower alcohol content. These regions are known for their elegant, age-worthy wines, such as Burgundy's Pinot Noir or Mosel's Riesling. In contrast, warmer regions like Napa Valley or the Barossa Valley often yield grapes with higher sugar levels, leading to bolder, higher alcohol wines like Napa Cabernet Sauvignon or Barossa Shiraz.



Typical Alcohol Levels by Wine Type

Investment-grade wines often exhibit specific alcohol ranges, which impact their ageing potential and market value. Here is a breakdown:

  • Low Alcohol Wines (Under 12.5% ABV): Not typically associated with high investment potential, but notable examples include Mosel Riesling and Champagne. The low alcohol and high acidity of these wines contribute to their exceptional ageing potential.
  • Moderately Low Alcohol Wines (12.5% - 13.5% ABV): Includes Burgundy Pinot Noir, Bordeaux (Right Bank) Merlot-based wines, and Barolo from Piedmont. These wines are prized for their balance and complexity, with moderate alcohol levels contributing to their refined structure and longevity.
  • High Alcohol Wines (13.5% - 14.5% ABV): Encompasses Bordeaux (Left Bank) Cabernet Sauvignon, Châteauneuf-du-Pape from the Rhône, and Super Tuscans like Sassicaia. These wines are known for their robust flavours and ageing potential, often appreciated by collectors for their development over time.
  • Very High Alcohol Wines (Over 14.5% ABV): Includes powerful wines like Amarone from Veneto, certain Napa Valley Zinfandels, and fortified wines such as Vintage Port. These wines, often intense and full-bodied, can age for decades, developing complex tertiary characteristics highly sought after in the secondary market.

The Impact of Alcohol on Wine Ageing

For collectors and investors, understanding how alcohol content affects wine ageing is crucial. In non-fortified wines, higher alcohol levels can accelerate the chemical reactions that lead to ageing, potentially shortening the optimal drinking window. However, this is not a strict rule, and many high-alcohol wines can age gracefully if they possess balanced acidity and tannins.


Factors Influencing Ageing Potential:

  • Balance and Structure: Wines with a good balance of alcohol, acidity, and tannins, such as Bordeaux or Barolo, often age well. While alcohol acts as a preservative, excessive levels without sufficient acidity or tannins can lead to a lack of structure, causing the wine to age prematurely.
  • Acidity: High acidity can help preserve the wine’s freshness and structure over time. This is particularly evident in regions like Champagne or Chablis, where the acidity ensures longevity despite lower alcohol levels.
  • Tannins: In red wines, tannins provide structure and ageing potential. Regions known for tannic wines, such as Pauillac or Chianti, produce wines that can mature beautifully over decades, developing complex secondary and tertiary aromas and flavours.
  • Storage Conditions: Proper storage conditions are vital for preserving the quality and ageing potential of wines. Consistent temperature, humidity control, and minimal light exposure are critical factors that help maintain a wine's integrity over time.

It is also important to note that alcohol levels do not decrease as wine ages in the bottle. However, the perception of alcohol can change, often becoming more integrated as the wine's other components evolve. For example, a young, high-alcohol Châteauneuf-du-Pape may taste hot and unbalanced, but with age, it can mellow and harmonise, making it a highly prized collector's item.


Alcohol Content and Wine Quality

The notion that higher alcohol equates to better wine is a misconception. While higher alcohol can enhance a wine's body and flavour intensity, it is not a definitive marker of quality. Many esteemed wine regions produce exceptional wines with moderate alcohol levels, known for their elegance and finesse.

In recent years, there has been a growing appreciation for wines with lower alcohol levels, particularly in fine dining contexts where balance and food pairing are paramount. This trend highlights the diverse preferences among collectors and the importance of individual palate and context in determining wine quality.


Essential Knowledge for Wine Collectors

For wine investors and collectors, understanding alcohol levels is key to appreciating the nuances of wine quality, ageing potential, and market value. Whether you are investing in a low-alcohol German Riesling or a robust Amarone, the alcohol content is just one factor among many that contribute to a wine's character and longevity. The best investment wines are those that offer balance, complexity, and the potential to evolve beautifully over time, regardless of their alcohol levels.



 

News in brief

News 1

 

Wine Gang Busted for Selling Fake Vintage at £12,500 a Bottle

Seven individuals have been arrested following raids across France and Italy, dismantling a wine fraud operation that profited over €2 million (£1.7m). The gang allegedly counterfeited bottles of Grand Cru wine in Italy, selling them for £12,500 each. Authorities seized counterfeit bottles, corking machines, and luxury items during the raids. The investigation, led by French police with Europol and Eurojust, uncovered the group's global distribution network and linked it to previous wine fraud cases dating back to 2015. The fakes were traced through sales channels back to their source.


News 1

 

English Sparkling Wine Triumphs Over Champagne in Blind Taste Test

A secret taste test at Caractère, a French restaurant in London, revealed that more than half of diners preferred English sparkling wine to champagne. The wine, produced in the South East of England, was mistaken by many for high-end champagne brands like Bollinger and Moët. This follows a growing trend, as Michelin-starred restaurants such as Aulis London have already replaced champagne with English sparkling wines. Emily Roux, the restaurant's co-owner, praised the results, highlighting the increasing recognition of English wines' quality. Chapel Down’s sparkling wine was the standout in this test.


News 1

 

Wine Prices Set to Rise as UK Tax Changes Loom

UK wine retailers are warning customers to expect price hikes as new alcohol tax rules come into effect in February 2025. The upcoming changes will replace the current flat duty rate with a system of 30 different rates based on alcohol strength. A bottle with 14.5% ABV will see its duty rise from £2.67 to £3.09. Retailers such as Majestic and The Wine Society anticipate significant administrative costs due to these changes, and smaller producers may struggle to adapt, potentially reducing wine diversity in the UK market. The industry is calling for government intervention to mitigate these impacts.




 


Jonathan Stevenson, EVP Americas - Cult Wines - Château Lascombes, Margaux, 2ème Cru Classé, 2017


What we’re drinking

Château Lascombes, Margaux, 2ème Cru Classé, 2017

Jonathan Stevenson, EVP Americas - Cult Wines


I went for dinner recently at Chez Ma Tante in Greenpoint, one of my local favourites; the French-Canadian inspired menu is well worth a visit!

They have a great wine list, but I decided to take down a bottle of Chateau Lascombes 2017 from Margaux, as I hadn’t tasted any younger left-bank Bordeaux for a while.

The waiter kindly decanted for 30-40 minutes, which was well worth it. Dark ink in colour, still young and fresh but with a vibrancy of fruit that paired well with the Fennel sausage & Pork Shoulder we were sharing. It developed beautifully in the glass, and I can see this being a real gem over the next few years.

Chateau Lascombes has long been a favourite at Cult Wines. A globally-renowned winery located in the Margaux appellation of Bordeaux, France. Known for its elegant and complex wines, Lascombes primarily produces a blend of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Petit Verdot. The wine typically exhibits rich fruit flavours, balanced acidity, and ageing potential. It is a perfect expression of Margaux and picking up more recent off-prime vintages like 2017, one doesn’t have to break the bank.

Well worth grabbing if you see this in your local wine store!



 

Our fine wine feature

Lore and Rarity: 3 Cuveés Champagne Lovers Dream Of

Written by - Jonathan Kee, Client Account Manager - Cult Wines

Regardless of how the year has treated us, we are in its final chapter, which is a reason to celebrate. With Liv-ex's Champagne 50 index outshining the broader wine market, now seems like an opportune moment to indulge and stock up on some fine bubbles.

This piece is a champagne lover’s attempt to unravel some of the magic behind a few of Champagne’s most coveted cuveés. To simplify it, we will focus on three standout gems from legendary houses that every champagne lover would know: Dom Pérignon P2, Bollinger Vieilles Vignes Françaises, and Philipponnat Clos des Goisses.


Dom Pérignon P2

Dom Pérignon (DP) "Plénitude" refers to the distinct stages in the life of the Champagne when it reaches new levels of complexity and expression after extended ageing on the lees.

P1 (vintage DP) sees between 7 to 9 years of lees ageing, while P2 goes for a minimal period of 12-16 years on the lees before disgorgement. Then, there is the super rare P3, which we shall discuss another time. It showcases the pinnacle of maturity after 20-30 years on the lees.

Lore and Rarity: 3 Cuveés Champagne Lovers Dream Of

Apart from Hautvillers, a UNESCO Premier Cru site revered for housing the Abbey of Dom Pérignon himself, the grapes for DP come only from the most prestigious villages in the Montagne de Reims, Vallée de la Marne, and Côte des Blancs.

Each site has microclimates and aspects that produce the best fruit yet are still remarkedly different from each other.

For example, the great Aÿ in the Vallée de la Marne comprises a mix of chalk, marl, and clay soils, along with south-facing slopes, producing lush, structured Pinot Noir – blending power with elegance.

Bouzy, further north in the Montagne de Reims, benefits from cooler influences due to higher elevation and proximity to forests. Its predominantly chalky soils produce fresher, more linear Pinot Noir – known for its finesse and minerality.

The Chef de Cave then masterfully blends these diverse and intricate expressions.

P2 is typically a near-equal mix of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, evolving over almost two decades on the lees. The result is a champagne with added richness, complexity, and layers of flavour while still preserving the signature freshness that makes Dom Pérignon so iconic.


It is perhaps a well-known "irony" that most DP is enjoyed in its youth, gracing the countertops of lavish nightclubs and parties. Not P2 – crafted to reward those who are truly patient.

From an investment standpoint, Dom Pérignon is an iconic label with consistent demand. The graph below highlights recent P2 vintages, comparing their prices to scores. The score points on the graph reflect the perceived fair value of the vintage – based on an aggregation of metrics such as prices and ratings of physically available back vintages, along with trade volumes, production quantity, brand prestige, and so on.


Dom Perignon, P2 Vintage Comparison

1996, the first "Plénitude" vintage, has just entered its prime drinking window. With this great vintage slowly being depleted, it seems that the pricing directions of the following vintages might mirror 1996. Time to stock up.


Bollinger Vieilles Vignes Françaises

The eponymous Bollinger Vieilles Vignes Françaises (VVF) is as rare as it is sought after. It is produced only in special vintages, and historical production averages around less than 3,000 bottles per vintage. This is around half the production volume of Krug's single-vineyard and super-rare Clos d'Ambonnay.

It is said that a VVF should never be presented at a blind tasting, as the story behind its label embodies the very essence of Champagne's purest and richest traditions.

The fruit for this cuvée comes from two small walled vineyards in Aÿ—Clos Saint-Jacques and Clos Chaudes-Terres—spanning just 31 acres, both of which face the risk of shrinking further. This pre-phylloxera, ungrafted vines are likely some of the original Pinot Noir plants that thrived before the infamous pest invaded Aube in 1888. Today, these VVF vines hang precariously in their existence. Notably, VVF's Bouzy vineyards succumbed to the pest as recently as 2004!

VVF vines are nurtured using the traditional provignage method, a nearly forgotten practice in modern viticulture that gives the vineyard a charmingly crowded appearance. In this system, each vine regenerates by burying a previous year's cane, sprouting a new fruiting cane above ground while developing fresh roots below. The result is a dense, zigzagging network as new vines seem to spring up naturally.

The result is extremely low yields. Plus, the vines are trained on poles and pruned to just two or three buds, far fewer than the usual nine or ten in Champagne.

At Bollinger, fermentation takes place in old barrels, averaging 30 years in age, which is fundamental to the house's rich, vinous style driven by Pinot Noir. The wine then undergoes its second fermentation under natural cork, with subsequent disgorgement needing to be performed almost entirely by hand.

All this is a testament to Bollinger's commitment to tradition and perfection, with recent discoveries highlighting the beneficial effects of natural cork, especially when paired with at least six to eight years of lees-ageing. VVF typically sees between eight and ten before release to the market.

Bollinger's managing director says it best, "Those who have the privilege to taste Vieilles Vignes Françaises rediscover the flavour of the first champagnes."

The singularity of character and finesse that come from VVF, along with its fragile production volume, truly sets its status apart as a "rarer-than-unicorn" wine, if this makes sense.


Philipponnat Clos des Goisses

In the old champagne dialect, "Goisses" means a very deep slope. It is this very attribute that sets Clos des Goisses (CDG) apart from the rest of Champagne.

The slope of CDG is one of the most distinguishable slopes of the Aÿ region, or more accurately, Mareuil-Sur-Ay, which is just to the right of Aÿ. Clos des Goisses stands out in Champagne due to its dramatic 45-degree slope and its south-facing aspect, which makes it the warmest vineyard in Champagne.

The pure-chalk soils combined with this elevated warmth — averaging 1.5°C higher than most of the region — create a distinct environment that produces wines known for their power, intensity, and complexity.

With its fully walled 5.5 Hectares, Philipponnat has solely owned this utterly distinct site for nearly a century and was the first house in the region to bottle CDG as a single-vineyard wine.

In the barrel room, half of the base wines typically undergo barrel fermentation without any malolactic conversion to preserve the cuveé's precision. The wines typically undergo around ten years of less ageing before release, and the blend is typically around two-thirds Pinot Noir and one-third Chardonnay, much like the planting proportions in the vineyard.

The singularity of CDG (much like Burgundy's famed close vineyards), along with its complex micro-climate and aspect conditions, make for a powerful and precise wine that evolves over time with remarkable depth and longevity.

From an investment perspective, it does seem like the wine tends to outperform its fair value, especially once CDG vintages start to enter their drinking window. It remains to be seen if top vintages like 2008 and 2012 will follow suit.


Philipponnat Clos Des Goisses Vintage Comparison

Numbers aside, the return on enjoyment for us champagne lovers defy any price tag. Sometimes, the best reward for your investment is sipped, not sold.

Here's to the next Dom Pérignon P2, Bollinger VVF, and Philipponnat CDG – may our lives be as these Champagnes we toast with – richly storied, charmingly bubbly, and always worthy of celebration!




 

Explore & travel

Discovering Calabria: Italy’s Untapped Treasure at the Tip of the Boot

Written by - Jessie Wu, Client Account Manager - Cult Wines

Last month, I had the pleasure of walking an unbeaten track to Calabria—a hidden gem at the tip of Italy's 'foot.' This region, often overlooked by travellers, captivated me with its raw beauty, unspoiled landscapes, and incredible wines. My journey through Calabria was filled with unexpected delights, from discovering family-run wineries like Senatore Vini to exploring picturesque coastal towns.


Calabria: A Land of Untapped Wine Potential

Calabria's wine history runs deep, with ancient Greeks cultivating the first vines here. For centuries, the region's wines were revered across Italy and Europe. However, the devastating phylloxera epidemic and competition from French wines led to a decline in production. Despite these challenges, some producers, like Senatore Vini, have worked to revive Calabria's wine culture.

Today, the region's vineyards are scattered across its rugged terrain, with the Apennine Mountains protecting it from northern weather. The Mediterranean climate, with warm summers and cooling sea breezes from the Ionian and Tyrrhenian coasts, creates ideal conditions for producing distinctive wines that reflect the region's unique terroir.


Discovering Calabria: Italy’s Untapped Treasure at the Tip of the Boot

Calabria's Wine Heritage: Grapes, IGP, and DOC

Calabria is home to various Indigenous grape varieties, each adapted to the region's challenging yet rewarding landscape. The Gaglioppo grape, known for thriving in Calabria's hot, dry conditions, forms the backbone of the region's most celebrated wine—Cirò. This bold, tannic red offers ripe berries, earth, and spice flavours. Other notable varieties include Greco Nero for reds and Greco Bianco and Malvasia Bianca for whites, which create fresh, aromatic wines.

The region boasts nine DOC titles, with Cirò DOC being the most renowned. Cirò wines, particularly the Cirò Rosso Riserva, are celebrated internationally for their robust flavours and ageing potential. Other DOC areas, such as Greco di Bianco and Melissa DOC, highlight Calabria's wine styles. The IGP Calabria designation allows for more flexibility, encouraging experimentation with international varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay while maintaining Calabria's authentic wine identity.


Senatore Vini: A Winery Steeped in Tradition

Located near the coastal town of Cirò, Senatore Vini is a family-run winery that beautifully captures the essence of Calabria. With four generations of experience, the Senatore family has cultivated these lands with a passion for viticulture that shines through in every bottle. The winery is renowned for its dedication to local grape varieties, producing wines that reflect the region's rich terroir and winemaking heritage.

Visitors to Senatore Vini are welcomed with the warmth and hospitality typical of southern Italy. The estate offers guided tours where guests can stroll through sun-drenched vineyards, learn about traditional winemaking methods, and savour the distinctive wines. Two standouts are the Unico Senator and Nerello.

The Nerello is made from Calabrese Nerello, an indigenous grape variety. This wine is fruity and floral, with notes of wild berries, cherries, violets, and a touch of elegant spice, making it a refined expression of Calabria's unique winemaking traditions.

The Unico Senator is crafted from 100% Merlot grapes, picked in mid-September after being left to over-ripen on the vine. Aged for 12 months in small French barrels, followed by time in steel containers with micro-oxygenation, this wine boasts rich aromas of ripe fruits with hints of spice. It's full-bodied with a balanced acidity, offering a complex and satisfying tasting experience.



Exploring Calabria Beyond the Vineyard

While Senatore Vini is a must-visit for wine lovers, Calabria's charm extends far beyond its vineyards. During my stay, two destinations stood out: Tropea and Reggio Calabria.

Tropea, known as the 'Pearl of the Tyrrhenian,' is a stunning coastal town on cliffs overlooking turquoise waters. Its historic centre is a labyrinth of narrow streets, lively piazzas, and traditional restaurants serving Calabrian delicacies. A visit to the Sanctuary of Santa Maria dell'Isola, a medieval church offering panoramic sea views, is an absolute must.

On the southern tip of Calabria lies Reggio Calabria, the region's largest city and a cultural hub. The National Archaeological Museum houses the famous Riace Bronzes, ancient Greek statues that are masterpieces of classical art. A stroll along Lungomare Falcomatà, often called the most beautiful kilometre in Italy, reveals breathtaking views across the Strait of Messina to Sicily. Reggio Calabria is a city where history and culture meet spectacular scenery.

My journey through Calabria was unforgettable. From the landscape's rugged beauty to the rich history in every glass of wine, this region surprised me at every turn. Visiting Senatore Vini and exploring towns like Tropea and Reggio Calabria gave me a deeper appreciation for the passion and resilience of the people who call this place home.

Calabria might not yet be a household name for wine lovers, but that's part of its charm. It's a destination where you can experience authentic Italian culture, taste wines with a deep sense of place, and enjoy breathtaking scenery—all without the crowds. If you're looking for a destination that combines wine, history, and stunning landscapes, Calabria is waiting to be discovered.



 

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